Math and Trigonometry Functions in Excel
Math and Trigonometry Functions in Excel
Excel boasts a vast library of functions, but don’t be overwhelmed! We’ll explore the most essential functions grouped into intuitive categories. Here is the list of Excel Formulas and Functions. We have included Excel functions, Description, Syntax. Explained with Example Formulas.
Math and Trigonometry Functions
Unleash the Power of Mathematical Calculations with Excel’s Math & Trigonometry Functions. From basic arithmetic like SUM and AVERAGE to advanced calculations like square roots (SQRT) and trigonometric functions (SIN, COS, TAN), these functions equip you to tackle any numerical analysis or scientific computation with ease.
- Perform basic arithmetic operations (SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT).
- Tackle advanced calculations (SQRT, SIN, COS, TAN).
- Analyze scientific data and create financial models.
- Calculate loan payments and interest rates.
Function | Description | Syntax and Formula |
ABS | The ABS function in Excel returns the absolute value of a number. | Syntax: ABS(number) Formula: ABS(-5)Result: 5 |
ACOS | The ACOS function returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number. | Syntax: ACOS(number) Formula: To find the arccosine of 0.5, the formula would be:=ACOS(0.5)The result would be 1.0471975511966 radians. |
ACOSH | The ACOSH function returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. | Syntax: ACOSH(number) Formula: ACOSH(3)The result of this formula is 1.762747174039086. |
ACOT | The ACOT function returns the inverse cotangent (arccotangent) of a given number. | Syntax: ACOT(number) Formula: ACOT(0.5)This formula returns 1.10714871779409. |
ACOTH | The ACOTH function is an Excel function that returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a given number. | Syntax: ACOTH(number) Formula: ACOTH(2)This formula returns 0.5493061443340548. |
AGGREGATE | The AGGREGATE function is a built-in function in Excel that performs calculations such as sum, count, average, max, min, product, etc. on a range of data. | Syntax: AGGREGATE(function_num, options, ref1, [ref2], …)Function_num: This is a number that specifies the type of function to be used.Options: This is a number that specifies the options to be used.Ref1, [ref2], …: This is the range of cells that will be used for the calculation. Formula: AGGREGATE(3,6,A1:A10)This formula will calculate the average of the values in the range A1:A10. |
ARABIC | The ARABIC function is used to convert Roman numerals to Arabic numerals. | Syntax: ARABIC(text) Formula: ARABIC(“XVII”) returns 17 |
ASIN | The ASIN function returns the arcsine of a given number. | Syntax: ASIN(number) Formula: ASIN(0.5)This will return the arcsine of 0.5, which is equal to 0.5235987755982988. |
ASINH | The ASINH function returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a given number. | Syntax: ASINH(number) Formula: ASINH(2)This formula returns 1.4436354751788. |
ATAN | The ATAN function in Excel returns the arctangent of a given number, which is the angle in radians between the x-axis and a line from the origin to the given number. | Syntax: ATAN(number) Formula: ATAN(1) returns 0.785398163397448 |
ATAN2 | The ATAN2 function returns the arctangent of two numbers, which is the angle between the x-axis and a line from the origin to a point in the Cartesian plane. | Syntax: ATAN2(x_num, y_num) Formula: ATAN2(2, 3)This example returns the arctangent of 2 and 3, which is 0.982793723247329 radians or 56.3099324740202 degrees. |
ATANH | The ATANH function is an Excel function that returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. | Syntax: ATANH(number) Formula: ATANH(0.5)This example would return 0.5493061443340548, which is the inverse hyperbolic tangent of 0.5. |
BASE | BASE is an Excel function that converts a number from one number base to another. It is used to convert a number from one number system to another, such as from binary to decimal or from hexadecimal to octal. | Syntax: BASE(number, radix, min_length) Formula: BASE(10101, 2, 8)This example would convert the binary number 10101 to its decimal equivalent, 21. The min_length argument is optional and is used to pad the result with zeros to the specified length. |
CEILING | CEILING: The CEILING function rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a specified number. | Syntax: CEILING(number, significance) Formula: CEILING(A2,0.1)This formula will round the value in cell A2 up to the nearest multiple of 0.1. |
CEILING.MATH | The CEILING.MATH function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. | Syntax: CEILING.MATH(number, significance, [mode]) Formula: CEILING.MATH(4.2, 0.5, 1)This example returns 4.5, as it rounds 4.2 up to the nearest multiple of 0.5, which is 4.5. |
CEILING.PRECISE | The CEILING.PRECISE function rounds a number up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. | Syntax: CEILING.PRECISE(number, significance) Formula: CEILING.PRECISE(14.8, 0.1)Result: 14.9 |
COMBIN | COMBIN is an Excel function that calculates the number of combinations of a given number of objects from a set of objects. | Syntax: COMBIN(number, number_chosen) Formula: If you want to calculate the number of combinations of 5 objects taken 3 at a time, the formula would be COMBIN(5,3). The result of this formula would be 10. |
COMBINA | COMBINA: The COMBINA function returns the number of combinations for a given number of items. | Syntax: COMBINA(number, number_chosen) Formula: COMBINA(6,3)This example returns the number of combinations possible when selecting 3 items from a set of 6 items. The result is 20. |
COS | The COS function returns the cosine of an angle given in radians. | Syntax: COS(number) Formula: COS(PI()) returns -1, which is the cosine of PI radians. |
COSH | The COSH function in Excel returns the hyperbolic cosine of a given number. | Syntax: COSH(number) Formula: COSH(2) returns 3.7621956910836 |
COT | The COT function is used to calculate the cotangent of an angle given in radians. | Syntax: COT(number) Formula: COT(PI()/4)This example would return the cotangent of pi/4, which is equal to 1. |
COTH | The COTH function returns the hyperbolic cotangent of a given number. | Syntax: COTH(number) Formula: COTH(0.5) returns 1.31 |
CSC | CSC (Complementary Sine) is an Excel function that returns the complementary sine of a given number. The syntax for the CSC function is CSC(angle), where angle is the angle in radians for which you want to find the complementary sine. | Syntax: CSC(number) Formula: CSC(PI()/4)This will return the value of 1.4142135623731, which is the complementary sine of PI/4. |
CSCH | The CSCH function returns the hyperbolic cosecant of a given number. | Syntax: CSCH(number) Formula: CSCH(2)Result: 0.275720564771759 |
DECIMAL | The DECIMAL function is used to convert a number from any other base to decimal. | Syntax: DECIMAL(number, radix) Formula: DECIMAL(1011,2)This example would return the decimal value of 11. |
DEGREES | The DEGREES function converts an angle in radians to degrees. | Syntax: DEGREES(angle) Formula: DEGREES(3.14159265358979)Result: 180 |
EVEN | The EVEN function rounds a number up to the nearest even integer. | Syntax: EVEN(number) Formula: EVEN(3.2)Result: 4 |
EXP | The EXP function in Excel returns the result of the mathematical constant e raised to the power of a given number. | Syntax: EXP(number) Formula: EXP(2)Result: 7.38905609893065 |
FACT | FACT: The FACT function returns the factorial of a number. | Syntax: FACT(number) Formula: FACT(5)This formula will return 120, which is the factorial of 5 (5x4x3x2x1). |
FACTDOUBLE | The FACTDOUBLE function returns the double factorial of a given number. The double factorial is the product of all the integers from 1 up to the given number, but skipping every other number. | Syntax: FACTDOUBLE(number) Formula: To calculate the double factorial of 8, the formula would be =FACTDOUBLE(8). The result would be 8 x 6 x 4 x 2 = 384. |
FLOOR | The FLOOR function in Excel rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified value. | Syntax: FLOOR(number, significance) Formula: FLOOR(4.7, 0.5)The result of this formula is 4.5. |
FLOOR.MATH | The FLOOR.MATH function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified significance. | Syntax: FLOOR.MATH(number, significance, [mode]) Formula: FLOOR.MATH(12.5, 0.5)Result: 12 |
FLOOR.PRECISE | The FLOOR.PRECISE function rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of significance. | Syntax: FLOOR.PRECISE(number, significance) Formula: FLOOR.PRECISE(3.14159, 0.01)The result of this example is 3.14. |
GCD | GCD stands for Greatest Common Divisor. It is used to calculate the greatest common divisor of two or more integers. | Syntax: GCD(number1, [number2], …) Formula: GCD(12, 18)The result of this formula is 6, as 6 is the greatest common divisor of 12 and 18. |
INT | The INT function in Excel returns the integer part of a number by rounding down to the nearest integer. | Syntax: INT(number) Formula: INT(3.14)Result: 3 |
ISO.CEILING | ISO.CEILING is an Excel function that rounds a number to the nearest integer or multiple of significance. | Syntax: ISO.CEILING(number,significance) Formula: ISO.CEILING(3.14,0.1)Result: 3.2 |
LCM | LCM stands for Least Common Multiple. It is a function that is used to determine the smallest number that two or more numbers have in common. | Syntax: LCM(number1, [number2], …) Formula: LCM(2,3,4)This example would return 12, as 12 is the smallest number that 2, 3, and 4 all have in common. |
LET | The LET function is a new function in Excel that allows you to assign a name to a value or expression. It is useful for making formulas easier to read and understand. | Syntax: LET(name, expression) Formula: Let(A, 10+5)This assigns the value 15 to the name A. |
LN | The LN function returns the natural logarithm of a number. The natural logarithm is the logarithm to the base e. | Syntax: LN(number) Formula: To calculate the natural logarithm of 10, the formula would be:=LN(10)The result would be 2.302585092994046. |
LOG | The LOG function in Microsoft Excel returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base. | Syntax: LOG(number, [base]) Formula: LOG(8,2)This example returns the logarithm of 8 to the base of 2, which is 3. |
LOG10 | The LOG10 function returns the logarithm of a number to the base 10. | Syntax: LOG10(number) Formula: LOG10(100)The result of this formula is 2, as 100 is equal to 10^2. |
MDETERM | MDETERM is an Excel function used to calculate the determinant of a given matrix. | Syntax: MDETERM(array) Formula: MDETERM({1,2;3,4})The result of this formula is -2, which is the determinant of the given matrix. |
MINVERSE | The MINVERSE function returns the inverse matrix for a given matrix. | Syntax: MINVERSE(array) Formula: MINVERSE({1,2;3,4})Result: {-2,1;1.5,-0.5} |
MMULT | The MMULT function returns the matrix product of two arrays. | Syntax: MMULT(array1, array2) Formula: MMULT(A1:B2,C1:D2) |
MOD | The MOD function returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor. | Syntax: MOD(number, divisor) Formula: MOD(15,4)This will return a result of 3, as 15 divided by 4 is 3 with a remainder of 3. |
MROUND | The MROUND function rounds a number to the nearest multiple of another number. | Syntax: MROUND(number, multiple) Formula: MROUND(7,2)The result of this formula is 8. |
MULTINOMIAL | The MULTINOMIAL function returns the multinomial coefficient of a set of numbers. | Syntax: MULTINOMIAL(number1, number2, …) Formula: MULTINOMIAL(2,3,4)This example returns the multinomial coefficient of 2, 3 and 4, which is 120. |
MUNIT | MUNIT is an Excel function that returns the unit of measure associated with a given number. | Syntax: MUNIT(number) Formula: MUNIT(10)This will return the unit of measure associated with 10, which is “none”. |
ODD | The ODD function is used to round a number up to the nearest odd integer. | Syntax: ODD(number) Formula: ODD(8.2)Result: 9 |
PI | The PI function in Excel returns the value of pi (p), which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. | Syntax: PI() Formula: PI()Result: 3.14159265358979 |
POWER | Description:The POWER function is a mathematical function that returns the result of a number raised to a specified power. | Syntax: POWER(number, power) Formula: POWER(2,3)This will return 8, as 2 to the power of 3 is 8. |
PRODUCT | The PRODUCT function multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product. | Syntax: PRODUCT(number1, [number2], …) Formula: PRODUCT(2,3,4,5)Result: 120 |
QUOTIENT | The QUOTIENT function returns the integer portion of a division. | Syntax: QUOTIENT(numerator, denominator) Formula: QUOTIENT(10,3) returns 3 |
RADIANS | The RADIANS function is used to convert angles from degrees to radians. | Syntax: RADIANS(angle) Formula: RADIANS(45)This function would return the result 0.78539816339745. |
RAND | The RAND function in Excel is used to generate a random number between 0 and 1. | Syntax: RAND() Formula: RAND()Result: 0.838592582 |
RANDARRAY | The RANDARRAY function is an Excel function that generates an array of random numbers between two specified numbers. | Syntax: RANDARRAY(rows, columns, min, max) Formula: RANDARRAY(2,3,1,10)This will generate a 2×3 array of random numbers between 1 and 10. |
RANDBETWEEN | The RANDBETWEEN function is used to generate a random number between two specified numbers. | Syntax: RANDBETWEEN(bottom, top) Formula: RANDBETWEEN(1,10)This will generate a random number between 1 and 10. |
ROMAN | ROMAN is an Excel function that converts a number to a Roman numeral. | Syntax: ROMAN(number, [form])number: The number to be converted to a Roman numeral.form: [optional] An integer that specifies the type of Roman numeral you want. Formula: ROMAN(10)Result: X |
ROUND | The ROUND function rounds a number to a specified number of digits. | Syntax: ROUND(number, num_digits) Formula: ROUND(3.14159, 2)This example would return 3.14. |
ROUNDDOWN | The ROUNDDOWN function rounds a number down to the specified number of decimal places. | Syntax: ROUNDDOWN(number, num_digits) Formula: ROUNDDOWN(2.567,2)Result: 2.56 |
ROUNDUP | The ROUNDUP function rounds a number up to a specified number of decimal places. | Syntax: ROUNDUP(number, num_digits) Formula: ROUNDUP(3.14159, 2) returns 3.15 |
SEC | The SEC function returns the secant of an angle, which is the reciprocal of the cosine of that angle. | Syntax: SEC(angle) Formula: SEC(45)This will return the secant of 45 degrees, which is 1.4142135623731. |
SECH | The SECH function returns the hyperbolic secant of a given number. | Syntax: SECH(number) Formula: SECH(1)The result of this formula is 0.85091812823932. |
SERIESSUM | The SERIESSUM function is an Excel function that calculates the sum of a series of terms in a power series. | Syntax: SERIESSUM(x, n, m, coefficients)x: The input value for the power series.n: The power of the first term in the series.m: The power of the last term in the series.coefficients: The coefficients of the terms in the series. Formula: To calculate the series sum for x = 5, n = 0, m = 5 and coefficients = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, the formula would be:=SERIESSUM(5, 0, 5, 1,2,3,4,5,6)The result of this formula is 441. |
SEQUENCE | The SEQUENCE function generates a list of sequential numbers in an array, based on user-defined parameters. | Syntax: SEQUENCE(rows, columns, [start], [step]) Formula: SEQUENCE(3,2,1,2)This would generate the following array:{1,3; 5,7; 9,11} |
SIGN | The SIGN function returns the sign of a number. It returns 1 if the number is positive, 0 if the number is 0, and -1 if the number is negative. | Syntax: SIGN(number) Formula: SIGN(5)This formula will return 1, since 5 is a positive number. |
SIN | The SIN function returns the sine of a given angle. | Syntax: SIN(angle) Formula: SIN(45)Result: 0.70710678118 |
SINH | The SINH function returns the hyperbolic sine of a given number. | Syntax: SINH(number) Formula: SINH(2) returns 3.626860407847019 |
SQRT | The SQRT function in Excel returns the square root of a given number. | Syntax: SQRT(number) Formula: SQRT(9)Result: 3 |
SQRTPI | The SQRTPI function returns the square root of a number multiplied by pi. | Syntax: SQRTPI(number) Formula: SQRTPI(2)The result of this formula is 2.506628274631. |
SUBTOTAL | The SUBTOTAL function is used to calculate a subtotal in a list or database. It can perform calculations such as sum, average, count, etc. | Syntax: SUBTOTAL(function_num, range1, range2,…)Function_num: This is a number that specifies the type of calculation to perform.Range1, Range2,…: This is a range of cells or array of values to perform the calculation on. Formula: SUBTOTAL(9,A2:A10)This example would calculate the sum of the range A2:A10. |
SUM | The SUM function is an Excel function used to add up a range of values. | Syntax: SUM(number1, [number2], …) Formula: SUM(A1:A5) |
SUMIF | The SUMIF function in Excel is used to sum values that meet a certain criteria. | Syntax: SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range]) Formula: SUMIF(A2:A10,”>20″,B2:B10)This formula will sum all values in B2:B10 that are greater than 20, based on the corresponding values in A2:A10. |
SUMIFS | The SUMIFS function is an Excel function used to sum values in a range that meet multiple criteria. | Syntax: SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], …) Formula: To sum the values in cell range A1:A10, if the corresponding values in cell range B1:B10 are greater than 5, the formula would be:=SUMIFS(A1:A10,B1:B10,”>5″) |
SUMPRODUCT | The SUMPRODUCT function multiplies corresponding components in the given arrays and returns the sum of those products. | Syntax: SUMPRODUCT(array1, [array2], [array3], …) Formula: SUMPRODUCT(A1:A5, B1:B5) |
SUMSQ | The SUMSQ function is an Excel function that returns the sum of the squares of a set of numbers. | Syntax: SUMSQ(number1, [number2], …) Formula: SUMSQ(2,3,4)This example will return the sum of the squares of 2, 3, and 4, which is 29. |
SUMX2MY2 | The SUMX2MY2 function in Microsoft Excel calculates the sum of the squares of the differences between two arrays of numbers. | Syntax: SUMX2MY2(array_x, array_y) Formula: SUMX2MY2({1,2,3},{4,5,6})This formula will calculate the sum of the squares of the differences between the two arrays, which is equal to 54. |
SUMX2PY2 | The SUMX2PY2 function adds the sum of the squares of two arrays and then returns the square root of the result. | Syntax: SUMX2PY2(array1, array2) Formula: SUMX2PY2(A1:A5,B1:B5)This will return the square root of the sum of the squares of the values in A1:A5 and B1:B5. |
SUMXMY2 | The SUMXMY2 function returns the sum of the difference of two arrays, or ranges, of numbers. | Syntax: SUMXMY2(array1, array2) Formula: SUMXMY2(A1:A5,B1:B5) |
TAN | The TAN function returns the tangent of a given angle. | Syntax: TAN(angle) Formula: TAN(45) returns the value 1. |
TANH | The TANH function returns the hyperbolic tangent of a given number. | Syntax: TANH(number) Formula: TANH(0.5)The result of this formula is 0.4621171572600098 |
TRUNC | The TRUNC function truncates a number to an integer by removing the decimal values. | Syntax: TRUNC(number, [num_digits]) Formula:=TRUNC(3.14159,2)Result: 3.14 |
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